Faculty Guide

Title

Professor of International Development

The Heller School for Social Policy and Management

Expertise

Acculturation; inequality; social capital; econometrics; research design; Bolivia; indigenous peoples; native Amazonians; panel studies

Profile

Dr. Godoy is a cultural anthropologist who draws on insights from evolutionary biology and economic theory to formulate hypotheses about the effects of market exposure, globalization, or modernization on the well-being and the use of natural resources of indigenous people. He collaborates with biological and cultural anthropologists from Northwestern University, the University of Georgia, and the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona in a study called the Tsimane¿ Amazonian Panel Study (TAPS). The research team carries out annual survey waves in which they measure a wide range of socioeconomic, demographic, health, and psychological indicators. The research site in Bolivia is also used as a summer research site for Ph.D. students in cultural anthropology at American universities.

Besides Bolivia and the study of globalization, Dr. Godoy does research on secular trends in health comparing health statistics of citizens in Puerto Rico with citizens on the mainland as part of a broader program on the social epidemiology of colonialism.

Awards and Honors

Teaching award, Heller, 2009 (2009)

NSF-Panel, IGERT (2002)

NSF-Panel, Cultural Anthropology (1999 - 2002)

President's Fellowship, Columbia University (1977 - 1978)

Tufts University (1972)

Courses Taught

HS	221f	Household Economics
HS	225f	The Political Economy and Measure of Inequality
HS	237f	Applied Cost-Benefit Analysis for Development Practitioners
HS	238f	Evaluating Survey Data: Questioning Answers
HS	259a	Topics in Sustainable Development
HS	259b	Topics in Sustainable Development
HS	259f	Topics in Sustainable Development
HS	295f	Economics of Natural Resource Planning
HS	306f	Survey Design and Data Analysis for Development
HS	314b	Applied Data Analysis for Development
HS	350a	Economics for Management and Social Policy
HS	361a	Monitor and Evaluation

Scholarship

R. Godoy et al. "Does civilization cause discontentment among indigenous Amazonians? Test of empirical data from the Tsimane of Bolivia." Journal of Economic Psychology. (2009). (forthcoming)

R. Godoy et al. "Does the future affect the present? The effects of future weather on the current collection of planted crops and wildlife in a native Amazonian society of Bolivia." Human Ecology. (2009). (forthcoming)

R. Godoy et al. "Moving beyond a snapshot to understand changes in the well-being of native Amazonians: Panel evidence (2002-2006) from Bolivia." Current Anthropology. (2009). (forthcoming)

R. Godoy et al. "Short but catching up: Statural growth among native Amazonian Bolivian children." American Journal of Human Biology (2009). (forthcoming)

R. Godoy et al. "The effect of real income on wildlife consumption among native Amazonians in Bolivia: Estimates of annual trends with panel data (2002-2006) from the Tsimane’." Animal Conservation. (2009). (forthcoming)

R. Godoy et al. "Why no adult stunting penalty or height premium? Estimates from native Amazonians in Bolivia." Economics and Human Biology. (2009). (forthcoming)

V. Reyes-García, R. Godoy, et al. "The pay-offs to sociability: Solitary and social leisure and happiness." Human Nature. (2009). (forthcoming)

William R. Leonard and R. Godoy. "Tsimane’ Amazonian Panel Study (TAPS): The first 5 years (2002-2006) of socioeconomic, demographic, and anthropometric data available to the public." Economics and Human Biology 6. 2 (2010): 299-301.

C. Gravlee, D.P. Kennedy, R. Godoy, W.R. Leonard. "Methods for collecting panel data: What can anthropology learn from other disciplines?." Journal of Anthropological Research. 65. 3 (2009): 453-483.

R. Godoy et al. "The relation between forest clearance and household income among native Amazonians: Results from the Tsimane’ Amazonian Panel Study, Bolivia." Ecological Economics 68. (2009): 1864-1871.

R. Godoy, et al. "Long-term (secular) change of ethnobotanical knowledge of useful plants: Separating cohort and age effects." Journal of Anthropological Research. 65. (2009): 51-67.

S. Tanner, W. Leonard, T. McDade, V. Reyes-García, R. Godoy, and T. Huanca. "Influence of helminth infections on childhood nutritional status in lowland Bolivia." American Journal of Human Biology 21. 5 (2009): 651-656.

J. Angrist, A. Chin, and R.A. Godoy. "Is Spanish-only schooling responsible for the Puerto Rican language gap?." Journal of Development Economics 85. (2008): 105-128.

R. Godoy, et al. "Assortative mating and offspring well-being. Theory and empirical findings from a native Amazonian society in Bolivia." Evolution and Human Behavior 29. (2008): 201-210.

R. Godoy, et al. "Can we trust an adult’s estimate of parental school attainment? Disentangling social desirability bias and random measurement error." Field Methods. 20. 1 (2008): 26-45.

R. Godoy, et al. "Rain, temperature, and child-adolescent height among native Amazonians in Bolivia." Annals of Human Biology. 35. 3 (2008): 276-293.

R. Godoy, et al. "The effect of rainfall during gestation and early childhood on adult height in a foraging and horticultural society of the Bolivian Amazon." American Journal of Human Biology 20. (2008): 23-34.

R. Godoy. "Is homicide in Puerto Rico high?." Homicide Studies 12. 2 (2008): 188-207.

Reyes-García, V., R. Godoy, et al. "Social rank and adult male nutritional status: Evidence of the social gradient in health from a foraging-farming society." Social Science & Medicine 67. (2008): 2107-2115.

V. Reyes-García, T. McDade, V. Vadez, T. Huanca, W.R. Leonard, S. Tanner, R. Godoy. "Non-market returns to traditional human capital: Nutritional status and traditional knowledge in a native Amazonian society." Journal of Development Studies 44. 2 (2008): 217-232.

Ankur Patel, R. Godoy, et al.. "On the accuracy of perceived parental height in a native Amazonian society." Economics and Human Biology 5. (2007): 165-178.

R. Godoy, C. Seyfried, V. Reyes-García, T. Huanca, W. R. Leonard, T. McDade, S. Tanner, V. Vadez. "chooling’s contribution to social capital: A study from a native Amazonian society in Bolivia." Comparative Education 43. 1 (2007): 137-163.

R. Godoy, E. Goodman, C. Gravlee, R. Levins, C. Seyfried, and M. Caram.. "Blood pressure and hypertension in an American colony (Puerto Rico) and on the US mainland compared, 1886-1930." Economics and Human Biology 5. 2 (2007): 255-279.

R. Godoy, E. Goodman, R. Levins, M. Caram, and C. Seyfried. "Adult male height in an American colony: Puerto Rico and the USA mainland compared, 1886-1955." Economics and Human Biology 5. (2007): 82-92.

R. Godoy, V. Reyes-García, V. Vadez, W.R. Leonard, E. Byron. "How well do foragers protect food consumption? Panel evidence from a native Amazonian society in Bolivia." Human Ecology 35. 6 (2007): 723-732.

R. Godoy, V. Reyes-García, W. R. Leonard, T. Huanca, T. McDade, V. Vadez, S. Tanner.. "Signaling by consumption in a native Amazonian society." Evolution and Human Behavior 28. 2 (2007): 124-134.

R. Godoy, V. Reyes-García, W.R. Leonard, T. Huanca, T. McDade, V. Vadez, S. Tanner, and C. Seyfried. "On the measure of income and the economic unimportance of social capital. Evidence from a native Amazonian society of farmers and foragers." Journal of Anthropological Research 63. 2 (2007): 239-260.

R. Godoy, V. Reyes-García, W.R. Leonard, T. Huanca, T. McDade, V. Vadez, S. Tanner. "The role of community and individuals in the formation of social capital." Human Ecology 35. 6 (2007): 709-721.

R. Godoy, Victoria Reyes-García, William R. Leonard, Tomás Huanca, Thomas McDade, Vincent Vadez, Susan Tanner. "Language skills and earnings: Evidence from a pre-industrial economy in the Bolivian Amazon." Economics of Education Review 26. 3 (2007): 349-360.

V. Reyes-García, R. Godoy, et al. "The origins of monetary inequality: The role of patience, human capital, and the division of labor." Evolution and Human Behavior 28. 1 (2007): 37-47.

Angrist, J., Chin, A., Godoy, Ricardo. "Is Spanish-only schooling responsible for the Puerto Rican language gap?." Journal of Development Economics (2006).

Godoy, Ricardo, Goodman, Elizabeth, Levins, Richard, Caram, M., Seyfried, C. "A comparison of secular trends in height between men in Puerto Rico and the USA mainland, 1886-1930." Economics and Human Biology (2006).

M. Brabec, R. Godoy, V. Reyes-García, W.R. Leonard. "BMI, income, and social capital in a pre-industrial society of the Bolivian Amazon: Interaction between relative and community effects." American Journal of Human Biology 19. (2006): 459-474.

Reyes-Garcia, Victoria, Godoy, Ricardo, et al. "The origins of monetary inequality: The role of patience, human capital, and the division of labor." Evolution and Human Behavior (2006).

Schenck, M., Effa, Ernestine Nstame, Starkey, Malcolm, Wilkie, David S., Abernethy, Kate, Telfer, Paul, Godoy, Ricardo, Treves, A. "Why people eat bushmeat: Results from two-choice, tate tests in Gabon, Central Africa." Human Ecology (2006).

Godoy, Ricardo, Goodman, Elizabeth, Levins, Richard, Leonard, William R.. "Anthropomorphic variability in the USA, 1971-2002." Annals of Human Biology 32. 4 (2005): 469-486.

Godoy, Ricardo, Reyes-Garcia, Victoria, Byron, Elizabeth, Leonard, William R., Vadez, Vincent. "The effect of market economies on the well being of indigenous peoples and on their use of natural resources." Annual Review of Anthrolpology 34. (2005): 122-138.

Wilkie, David S., Starkey, Malcolm, Abernethy, Kate, Effa, Ernestine Nstame, Telfer, Paul, Godoy, Ricardo. "Role of prices and wealth in consumer demand for bushmeat in Gabon, Central Africa." Conservation Biology 19. 1 (2005): 1-7.

Godoy, Ricardo, Byron, Elizabeth, Reyes-Garcia, Victoria, Leonard, William R., Paterl, Karishma, Apaza, Lilian, Perez, Eddy, Vadez, Vincent, Wilkie, David S.. "Patience in a foraging-horticultural society: A test of competing hypotheses." Journal of Anthropological Research 60. 2 (2004): 179-202.

Godoy, Ricardo, Townsent, Wendy R., Garcia, Ivan. "Non-ASCII content was excluded." Non-ASCII content was excluded. vol. 16, 2004. 1-12.

Reyes-Garcia, Victoria, Byron, Elizabeth, Vadez, Vincent, Godoy, Ricardo, Apaza, Lilian, Perez, Eddy, Leonard, William R., Wilkie, David S.. "Measuring culture as shared knowledge: Do data collection formats matter? Cultural knowledge of plant uses among Tsimane' Amerindians, Bolivia." Field Methods 16. 2 (2004): 135-156.

Godoy, Ricardo, Jenkins, Glenn P., Paterl, Karishma. "Review of quantitative studies of Puerto Rican Migration." Journal of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies 15. 2 (2003): 207-241.

McDade, Thomas, Leonard, William R., et al.,, Godoy, Ricardo. "Physical Growth and Nutritional Status of Tsimane' Amerindian Children of Lowland Bolivia." American Journal of Physical Anthropology (2003).

Wong, Grace, Godoy, Ricardo. "Consumption and vulnerability among foragers and horticulturalists in the rainforest of Honduras." World Development 31. 8 (2003): 1405-1419.

Demmer, Josefien, Godoy, Ricardo, Wilkie, David S., Overman, Han, Taimur, Mohammed, Fernando, Karin, Gupta, Reena, McSweeney, Kendra, Brokaw, Nicholas, Sriran, Sangeetha, Price, Tanya. "Does economic development reduce the availability of wildlife? An empirical test among Tawahka Amerindians (Honduras) and methodological implications." Biodiversity and Conservation 11. (2002): 1845-1868.

Godoy, Ricardo. "The life-cycle, economic, and ecological determinants of spousal leisure sharing: Panel estimations from an Amerindian society." Human Ecology 30. 3 (2002): 317-337.

Kirby, Kris N., Godoy, Ricardo, Reyes-Garcia, Victoria, Byron, Elizabeth, Apaza, Lilian, Leonard, William R., Perez, Eddy, Vadez, Vincent, Wilkie, David S.. "Correlates of delay-discount rates: Evidence from Tsimane' Amerindians of the Bolivian rain forest." Journal of Economic Psychology 23. (2002): 291-316.

Godoy, Ricardo, Congreras, Manuel. "Education, forest clearance, and environmental externalities among lowland Indians in Bolivia." Economic Development and Cultural Change 49. 3 (2001): 555-574.

Godoy, Ricardo, Kirby, Kris N., Wilkie, David S.. "Tenure security, private time preference, and use of natural resources among lowland Bolvian Amerindians." Ecological Economics 38. 1 (2001): 105-118.

Godoy, Ricardo. Indians, Rain Forests, and Markets: Theory, Methods, and Analysis. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.

Wilkie, David S., Godoy, Ricardo. "Income and price elasticities of bushmeat demand in lowland Amerindian societies." Conservation Biology 15. 3 (2001): 761-769.

Godoy, Ricardo, Cardenas, Marina. "Markets and the health of indigenous people: A methodological contribution." Human Organization 59. 1 (2000): 117-124.

Godoy, Ricardo, Wilkie, David S., Cubas, Adoni, Cubas, Glenda, Demmer, Josefien, McSweeney, Kendra, Overman, Han, Brokaw, Nicholas. "Valuation of a Central American rain forest from consumption and sale of goods.." Nature 406. 6791 (2000): 62-63.

Godoy, Ricardo, Wilkie, David S., O'Neill, Kathleen, Demmer, Josefien, McSweeney, Kendra, Overman, Han, Brokaw, Nicholas. "Human capital, wealth, property rights, and the adoption of new farm technologies: The Tawahka Indians of Honduras." Human Organization 59. 2 (2000): 222-233.

Wilkie, David S., Godoy, Ricardo. "Economics of bushmeat consumption." Science 287. 5455 (2000): 975-976.

Godoy, Ricardo , Jacobson, Mark. "Covariates of private time preference: A pilot study among the Tsimane' Indians of the Bolivian rain forest.." Evolution and Human Behavior 20. 4 (1999): 249-256.

Godoy, Ricardo, Galindo, Luis Paz. "Deregulation and market reform in Bolivia: A grassroots perspective." Privatization, Deregulation and Institutional Framework. Ed. Kagami, Mitsuhiro , Tsuji, Masatsugu. Tokyo: Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization, 1999. 335-46.

Godoy, Ricardo. "The difference a year makes." Science 285. 5435 (1999): 1850.

Godoy, Ricardo , Franks, Jeffrey , Alvarado, Mario. "Adoption of modern agricultural technologies by lowland indigenous groups in Bolivia: The role of households, villages, ethnicity, and markets." Human Ecology 26. 3 (1998): 351-369.

Godoy, Ricardo , Groff, S. , O'Neill, Kathleen. "The role of education in Neotropical deforestation: Household evidence from Amerindians." Human Ecology 26. 4 (1998): 649-674.

Godoy, Ricardo , Kostishack, Peter, O'Neill, Kathleen. "Socioeconomic determinants of error in estimation of field size: An experimental study among the Tawahka Indians of Honduras." Cultural Anthropology Methods Journal 10. 3 (1998): 48-53.

Godoy, Ricardo , Morduch, Jonathan , Bravo, David. "Technological adoption in rural Cochabamba, Bolivia." Journal of Anthropological Research 54. (1998): 351-371.

Godoy, Ricardo , Wilkie, David S., Mark Jacobson. "Strategies of rain-forest dwellers against misfortunes: The Tsimane' Indians of Bolivia." Ethnology 37. 1 (1998): 55-69.

Godoy, Ricardo, Jacobson, Mark , De Castro, Joel , Aliaga, Vianca , Romero, Julio , Davis, Allison. "The role of tenure and private time preference in Neotropical deforestation." Land Economics 74. 2 (1998): 162-171.

Godoy, Ricardo , Wilkie, David S. , Franks, Jeffrey. "The effects of markets on Neotropical deforestation: A comparative study of four Amerindian cultures." Current Anthropology 38. 5 (1997): 875-878.

Godoy, Ricardo, Brokaw, Nicholas, Wilkie, David S., Cruz, Gustavo, Cubas, Adoni, Demmer, Josefien, McSweeney, Kendra, Overman, Han. "Rates of return on investments in cattle among Amerindians of the rain forest of Honduras. 1996.." Human Ecology 24. 3 (1996): 395-399.

Godoy, Ricardo, Wilkie, David S., Non-ASCII content was excluded. Trade, indigenous rain forest economies, and biological diversity: model predictions and directions for research. Proc. of Proceedings of Workshop, "Research on NTFP". Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research, 1996.

Godoy, Ricardo, Brokaw, Nicholas, Wilkie, David S.. "The effect of income on the extraction of non-timber tropical forest products: Model, hypotheses, and preliminary findings from the Sumu Indians of Nicaragua. 23:1:29-52. 1995.." Human Ecology 23. 1 (1995): 29-52.

Godoy, Ricardo. "The effects of rural education on the use of the tropical rain forest by the Sumu Indians of Nicaragua: Pathways, qualitative findings, and policy options.." Human Organization 53. 3 (1994): 233-244.

Bawa, Kamal, Godoy, Ricardo. "Introduction to case studies from South Asia." Economic Botany 47. 3 (1993): 248-250.

De Franco, Mario, Godoy, Ricardo. "Potato-led growth. The role of agricultural innovations in transforming Bolivian agriculture: A macroeconomic perspective Journal of Development Studies 29:3:561-587." Journal of Development Studies 29. 3 (1993): 561-587.

Gibson, Bill, Godoy, Ricardo. "The distributive effects of Bolivia's drug dependence: A general equilibrium approach.." World Development 21. 6 (1993): 1007-1021.

Godoy, Ricardo, Bawa, Kamal.

Godoy, Ricardo, Bawa, Kamal. "The economic value and sustainable harvest of plants and animals from the tropical rain forest: Assumptions, hypotheses, and methods." Economic Botany 47. 3 (1993): 215-219.

Godoy, Ricardo, Lubowski, Ruben, Markandya, Anyl. "A method for the economic valuation of non-timber tropical forest products." Economic Botany 47. 3 (1993): 220-233.

Godoy, Ricardo. "Beyond Chayanov: Investment decisions in the rural Third World: The viewpoint of farmers, banks, and the government.." Human Organization 52. 1 (1993): 25-31.

Safran, Elizabeth, Godoy, Ricardo. "The impact of government policies on smallholder forest management: An example from Borneo.." Human Organization 53. 3 (1993): 294-298.

Bennett, Christopher P.A., Godoy, Ricardo. "The quality of smallholder coffee in South Sumatra: The production of low-quality coffee as a response to world demand." Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 281. 1 (1992): 85-100.

De Franco, Mario, Godoy, Ricardo. "The economic consequences of the coca industry in Bolivia: Historical, local, and macroeconomic perspectives.." Journal of Latin American Studies 42. 3 (1992): 375-406.

Godoy, Ricardo, De Franco, Mario. "High inflation and Bolivian agriculture." Journal of Latin American Studies 24. 3 (1992): 617-637.

Godoy, Ricardo, Hockenstein, Jeremy. "The political economy of agricultural research in Nicaragua: The case of beans." World Development 20. 11 (1992): 1685-1696.

Godoy, Ricardo, Lubowski, Ruben. "Guidelines for the economic valuation of non-timber tropical forest products." Current Anthropology 33. 4 (1992): 423-433.

Godoy, Ricardo. "Determinants of smallholder tree cultivation." World Development 20. 5 (1992): 713-725.

Godoy, Ricardo. "Raw material for craft industry: The case of rattan." Not by Timber Alone: Economics and Ecology for Sustaining Tropical Forestry. Ed. Panayotou, Theodore , Ashton, Peter. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1992. 99-105.

Godoy, Ricardo. "Some organizing principles in the valuation of tropical forests." Forest Ecology and Management 50. (1992): 171-180.

Godoy, Ricardo, Bennett, Christopher P.A.. "The economics of monocropping and intercropping by smallholders: The case of coconuts in Indonesia." Human Ecology 191. (1991): 83-98.

Godoy, Ricardo, Feaw, Tan Ching. "Agricultural diversification among smallholder rattan cultivators in central Kalimantan, Indonesia." Agroforestry Systems 13. (1991): 27-40.

Godoy, Ricardo. "The evolution of common field agriculture in the Andes: A hypothesis. 33:2:." Comparative Studies in Society and History 33. 2 (1991): 395-414.

Whitehead, Brad, Godoy, Ricardo. "The extraction of rattan-like lianas in the New World tropics: A possible prototype for sustainable forest management." Agroforestry Systems 16. (1991): 247-255.

Godoy, Ricardo, Bennett, Christopher P.A.. "The quality of smallholder cloves in Maluku: The local response to domestic demand for a high-quality product." Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 26. 2 (1990): 59-78.

Godoy, Ricardo. "The economics of a sustainable agro-forestry system: Smallholder rattan cultivation." Agroforestry Systems 12. (1990): 163-172.

Godoy, Ricardo. Small-Scale Mining and Agriculture in Highland Bolivia: History, Ecology, and Commerce Among the Jukumani Indians of Northern Potosi, Bolivia. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press, 1990.

Godoy, Ricardo, Feaw, Tan Ching. "Ricardo Godoy and Tan Ching Feaw. The profitability of smallholder rattan cultivation in central Borneo. 17:3:." Human Ecology 17. 3 (1989): 347-363.

Godoy, Ricardo, Bennett, Christopher P.A.. "Diversification among coffee smallholders in the highlands of South Sumatra, Indonesia." Human Ecology 16:4: 16. 4 (1988): 397-420.

Godoy, Ricardo. "Small-scale mining and agriculture among the Jukumani Indians, northern Potosi, Bolivia." Journal of Development Studies 24. 2 (1988): 178-196.

Godoy, Ricardo. "Common field agriculture: The Andes and Medieval England compared." Proceedings of the Conference on Common Property Resource Management, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1986. 323-358.

Godoy, Ricardo. "Ricardo Godoy. The fiscal role of the Andean Ayllu." Man 21. 4 (1986): 723-741.

Godoy, Ricardo. "Sectorial farming systems: A review." Non-ASCII content was excluded 46. 2 (1986): 363-378.

Orlove, Benjamin, Godoy, Ricardo. "Andean sectorial farming system 6:1:." Journal of Ethnobiology 6. 1 (1986): 169-204.

Godoy, Ricardo. "Ecological degradation and agricultural intensification in the Andean highlands." Human Ecology 12. 4 (1985): 359-383.

Godoy, Ricardo. "Entrepreneurial risk management: The Bolivian experiences." Miners of the Americas. Ed. Greaves, Thomas , Culver, William. Manchester, United Kingdom: Manchester University Press, 1985. 136-161.

Godoy, Ricardo. "Mining: Anthropological perspectives." Annual Review of Anthropology 14. (1985): 199-217.

Godoy, Ricardo. "Production strategies of Bolivian miners: Methodological and Empirical Considerations 46:1:." Human Organization 46. 1 (1985): 48-54.

Godoy, Ricardo. "Risk and moral contract in peasant mining in Bolivia." Research in Economic Anthropology. vol. 17 Ed. Isaac, Barry L.. Greenwich, Connecticut: JAI Press, 1985. 203-223.

Godoy, Ricardo. "State, Ayllu, and ethnicity in northern Potosi, Bolivia." Anthropos 80. (1985): 53-65.

Godoy, Ricardo. "Technical and economic efficiency of Bolivian peasant miners." Economic Development and Cultural Change 34. 1 (1985): 103-120.

Godoy, Ricardo. "Human fertility and land tenure in highland Bolivia. 31:290-297." Social Biology (1984).

Godoy, Ricardo. "Human fertility and land tenure in highland Bolivia." Social Biology 31. (1984): 290-297.

Godoy, Ricardo, Tiedeman, Gary. "Antonio Garcia: A Mexican peasant, poet, and revolutionary." The Journal of Peasant Studies 9. (1982): 241-251.

Godoy, Ricardo. "The background and context of Redfield's 'Tepoztlan'." The Stewart Journal of Anthropological Research 10. 1 (1979): 47-49.

Godoy, Ricardo. "Franz Boaz and his Plans for an International School of American Archaeology and Ethnology in Mexico, 1910-1914." Journal of the History of Behavioral Sciences 13. (1977): 228-242.