Faculty Guide

Title

Professor, Associate Dean, Research, and Director, Institute for Behavioral Health

The Heller School for Social Policy and Management

Expertise

Organization and financing of behavioral health services

Profile

Constance M. Horgan, Sc.D. is a Professor and Associate Dean for Research at the Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University. She is also founding Director of its Institute for Behavioral Health, which focuses on the intersection of health, behavior and systems of care. Dr. Horgan’s research examines how behavioral health services are financed, organized, and delivered in the public and private sectors and what approaches can be used to improve the quality and effectiveness of the delivery system. She has over twenty-five years of experience in health policy analysis and services research in both academic and government settings. She has been involved with numerous national studies involving health surveys of both individuals and organizations, as well as extensive use of administrative data. She currently directs the Brandeis/Harvard Center on Managed Care funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and leads several other studies related to the delivery of alcohol, drug and mental health services. She also directs a National Institute for Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) doctoral training program in health services research and teaches courses in behavioral health and substance abuse policy. She has led studies for the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), NIDA, NIAAA, and foundations, including Robert Wood Johnson. Dr. Horgan has written numerous articles and served on expert panels and advisory committees for federal agencies, professional associations, and academic and community task forces.

Awards and Honors

Excellence in Mental Health Policy and Economics Research Award (with Hodgkin and other co-authors). (2011)

Robert E. Anderson Service Award for Distinguished Contributions in the Field of Addiction Research, Training and Evaluation, from the National Association of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors (NASADAD) (2010)

Christopher Walker Fellowship, Health Policy, Kennedy School, Harvard University (1986)

John C. Hume Award for "significance of doctoral research in Dept. Health Policy & Management" (1985)

NIMH National Research Service Award (1979 - 1980)

U.S. Public Health Service Traineeship Grant (1978 - 1979)

Courses Taught

HS	412b	Substance Use and Societal Consequences
HS	586a	Issues in Substance Abuse Treatment
HS	605c	Behavioral Health Doctoral Seminar

Scholarship

Dunigan R, Acevedo A, Campbell K, Garnick DW, Horgan CM, Huber A, Lee MT, Panas L, Ritter GA. "Engagement in outpatient substance abuse treatement and employment outcomes." Journal of Behavioral Health Services Research, 2013 May 18. [Epub ahead of print]. (2013). (forthcoming)

Ryan M, Merrick EL, Hodgkin D, Horgan CM,Garnick DW, Panas L, Ritter G, Blow FC, Saitz R. "Drinking patterns of older adults with chronic medical conditions." Journal of General Internal Medicine (2013): 2013 April 23. [Epub ahead of print]. (forthcoming)

Stewart MT, Horgan CM, Garnick DW, Ritter G, McLellan AT.. "Performance contracting and quality improvement in outpatient treatment: effects of waiting time and length of stay." Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 44. 1 (2013): 27-33.

Thomas CP, Garnick DW, Horgan CM, Miller K, Harris AH, Rosen MM. "Establishing the feasibility of measuring performance in use of addiction pharmacotherapy." Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 45. 1 (2013): 11-18.

Acevedo A, Garnick DW, Lee MT, Horgan CM, Ritter G, Panas L, Davis S, Leeper T, Moore R, Reynolds M. "Racial/ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment initiation and engagement." Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 11. 1 (2012): 1-21.

Adams RS, Larson MJ, Corrigan JD, Horgan CM, Williams TV. "Frequent binge drinking after combat-acquired traumatic brain injury among active duty military personnel with a past year combat deployment." Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 27. 5 (2012): 349-360.

Garnick DW, Horgan CM, Acevedo A, McCorry F, Weisner. "Performance measures for substance use disorders – what research is needed?." Addiction Science and Clinical Practice 7. 1 (2012): 18.

Hodgkin D, Volpe-Vartanian J, Merrick E, Horgan CM, Nierenberg AA, Frank RG, Lee S. "Customization in Prescribing for Bipolar Disorder." Health Economics 21. 6 (2012): 653-668.

McLellan DL, Hodgkin D, Fagan P, Reif S, Horgan CM. "Unintended consequences of cigarette price changes for alcohol drinking behaviors across age groups: evidence from pooled cross sections." Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 7. (2012): 28.

Merrick EL, Hodgkin D, Horgan CM, Panas L, Soumerai S, Ritter G.. "Is Customization in antidepressant prescribing associated with acute phase treatment adherenece?." Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research 3. 1 (2012): 11-16.

Merrick EL, Reif S, Hiatt D, Hodgkin D, Horgan C, Ritter G. "Substance abuse treatment client experience in an employed population: results of a client survey.." Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention and Policy 7. 1 (2012): 4.

Reif S, Torres ME, Horgan CM, Merrick EL. "Characteristics of practitioners in a private managed behavioral health plan." BMC Health Services Research 28. 12 (2012): 283.

Strickler GK, Reif S, Horgan CM. "The Relationship between substance abuse performance measures and mutual help group aftercare.." Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 30. 2 (2012): 190-210.

Strickler GK, Reif S, Merrick EM, Horgan CM, Hiatt D.. "Substance Abuse Treatment Preferences in an Employed Population.." Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health 27. (2012): 117-25.

Daley M, Shepard DS, Tompkins CP, Dunigan R, Reif S, Perloff J, Siembab L, Horgan CM. "Randomized trial of enhanced profiling in substance abuse treatment." Administration and Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research 38. 2 (2011): 96-104.

Garnick DW, Lee MT, Horgan CM, et al. "Lessons from Five States: Public Sector Use of Washington Circle Performance Measures.." Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 40. 3 (2011): 241-254.

Merrick EL, Hodgkin D, Garnick DW, Horgan CM, Panas L, Ryan M, Blow F, Saitz R. "Older adults' inpatient and emergency department utilization for ambulatory-care-sensitive conditions: Relationship with alcohol consumption." Journal of Aging and Health 23. 1 (2011): 86-111.

Merrick EL, Hodgkin D, Hiatt D, Horgan CM, Greenfield SF, McCann B.. "Integrated employee assistance program/managed behavioral health plan utilization by persons with substance use disorders." Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 40. 3 (2011): 299-306.

Merrick EL, Hodgkin D, Hiatt D, Horgan CM, McCann B. "EAP Service Use in a Mananged Behavioral Health Care Organization: From the Employee Perspective." Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health 26. 2 (2011): 85-96.

Reif S, Horgan CM, Garnick DW, McLellan DL.. "Systems-level smoking cessation activities by private health plans." Preventing Chronic Disease 8. 1 (2011): A14.

Reif S, Ritter GA, Horgan CM. "Treatment services: Triangulation of methods when there is no gold standard." Substance Use and Misuse 46. 5 (2011): 620-632.

Stewart MT, Horgan CM.. "Health Services and Financing of Treatment." Alcohol Research and Health 33. (2011): 389-394.

Thomas CP, Garnick DW, Horgan CM et al. "Advancing performance measures for use of medications in substance abuse treatment." Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 40. (2011): 35-43.

Daley M, Shepard DS, Reif S, Dunigan R, Tompkins CP, Perloff J, Siembab L, Horgan CM. "Evaluation of provider profiling in the public sector." Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 28. 4 (2010): 376-390.

Hodgkin D, Merrick EL, Hiatt D, Horgan CM, McGuire TG.. "The effect of employee assistance plan benefits on use of outpatient behavioral health care." Journal of Mental Helath Policy and Economics 13. (2010): 167-174.

McCann B, Azzone V, Merrick EL, Hiatt D, Hodgkin D, Horgan CM. "Employer choices in EAP design and worksite services." Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health 25. 2 (2010): 89-106.

Merrick EL, Hodgkin D, Hiatt D, Horgan CM, Azzone V, McCann B, Ritter G, Zolotusky G, McGuire TG and Reif S. "Patterns of service use in two types of managed behavioral health care plan." Psychiatric Services 61. 1 (2010): 86-89.

Reif S, Horgan CM, Torres M, Merrick EL.. "Types of practitioners and outpatient visits in a private managed behavioral health plan." Psychiatric Services 61. 1 (2010): 86-89.

Horgan, Constance M, Garnick DW, Merrick EL, Hodgkin D. "Changes in how health plans deliver behavioral health services." Journal of Behavioral Health Services Research 36. 1 (2009): 11-2

Horgan, Constance M, Reif S, Hodgkin D, Garnick DW, Merrick EL. "Availability of addiction medications in private health plans." Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 34. 2 (2008): 147-15

Merrick EL, Hodgkin D, Horgan Constance M, Garnick DW, McLaughlin T. "Changing mental health gatekeeping: Effects on performance indicators." Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research 35. 1 (2008): 3-1

Hodgkin D, Horgan Constance M, Garnick DW, Merrick EL, Volpe-Vartanian J. "Management of psychotropic medications in private health plans." Clinical Therapeutics 29. 2 (2007): 371-380.

Hodgkin, D, Horgan, C.M., Garnick, D., Merrick, E., Volpe-Vartanian, J. "Management of Access to Branded Psychotropic Medications in Private Health Plans." Clinical Therapeutics 29. 2 (2007): 371-380.

Hodgkin, D., Merrick, E., Horgan, C.M., Garnick, D., McLaughlin, T.. "Does Type of Gatekeeping Model Affect Access to Outpatient Specialty Mental Health Services?." Health Services Research 42. 1 (2007): Part I: 104-123.

Horgan, C.M., Garnick, D.W., Merrick, E.L., Hoyt, A.. "Health Plan Requirements for Mental Health and Substance Use screening in Primary Care." Journal of General Internal Medicine 22. 7 (2007): 930-936.

Horgan, C.M., Merrick, E., Reif, S., Stewart, M.. "Data Points: Internet-based Behavioral Health Services in Health Plans." Psychiatric Services 58. 3 (2007): 307.

Horgan, Constance M,. "Internet-based behavioral health services in health plans." Psychiatric Services 50. 3 (2007): 307.

Garnick, D.W., Horgan, C.M., Chalk, M.. "Performance Measures for Alcohol and Other Drug Services." Alcohol Research and Health 29. 1 (2006): 19-26.

Lee, M.T., Garnick, D.W., Horgan, C.M., Cavanaugh, D.A.. "Constructing Adolescent Substance Abuse Performance Measures Using Administrative Data." Journal of Healthcare Quality 28. 3 (2006): 42-48, 59.

Brolin, M., Horgan, C.M., Amaro, H., Doonan, M.. Substance Abuse Treatment in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts: Gaps, Consequences and Solutions. The Massachusetts Health Policy Forum, Schneider Institute for Health Policy, Heller School, Brandeis University. Waltham, MA: 2005.

Horgan, C.M., Garnick, D.W., Institute of Medicine,. The Quality of Care for Adults with Mental and Addictive Disorders: Issues in Performance Measurement. Schneider Institute for Health Policy, Heller Graduate School, Brandeis University. Waltham, MA: 2005.

Merrick, E.L., Horgan, C.M., Garnick, D.W., Hodgkin, D.. "Managed Care Organizations' Use of Treatment Management Strategies for Outpatient Mental Health Care." Administration and Policy in Mental Health 33. 1 (2005): 104-114.

Ritter, G., Reif, S., Gadzuk, A., Krenzke, T., Mohadjer, L., Lee, M.T., Horgan, C.M.. "Incentive Effects on Cooperation Rates and Sample Composition in the Alcohol and Drug Services Study." Journal of Economic and Social Measurement 30. 2-3 (2005): 171-189.

Lee, M.T., Garnick, D.W., Miller, K., Horgan, C.M.. "Adolescents with Substance Abuse: Are Health Plans Missing Them?." Psychiatric Services 55. 2 (2004): 116.

Lee, M.T., Reif, S., Ritter, G., Levine, H.J., Horgan, C.M.. Alcohol and Drug Services Study Phase II: Client Record Abstract Report. Schneider Institute for Health Policy, Heller School, Brandeis University, for SAMHSA. Rockville, MD: 2004.

Levine, H.J., Reif, S., Lee, M.T., Ritter, G., Horgan, C.M.. Alcohol and Drug Services Study (ADSS). The National Treatment System: Outpatient Methadone Facilities. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. Rockville, MD: 2004.

Reif, S., Horgan, C.M., Ritter, G., Tompkins, C.P.. "The Impact of Employment Counseling on Substance User Treatment Participation and Outcomes." Substance Use & Misuse 39. 13-14 (2004): 2391-2424.

Hodgkin, D., Horgan, C.M., Garnick, D.W., Merrick, E.L.. "Cost Sharing for Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services in Managed Care Plans." Medical Care Research and Review 60. 1 (2003): 101-116.

Horgan, C.M., Merrick, E.L., Garnick, D.W., Hodgkin, D., Cenczyk, R., Lusenhop, R.W., Bhalotra, S.. The Provision of Mental Health Services in Managed Care Organizations. Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Rockville, MD: 2003.

Lee, M.T., Reif, S., Ritter, G., Levine, H.J., Marsden, M.E., Horgan, C.M.. Treatment Services and Staffing. In: Alcohol and Drug Services Study (ADSS): The National Substance Abuse Treatment System: Facilities, Clients, Services, and Staffing (online only). prepared by the Schneider Institute for Health Policy - ADSS Phase I Report Series. Rockville, MD: 2003.

Levine, H.J., Reif, S., Ritter, G., Lee, M.T., Marsden, M.E., Horgan, C.M.. Organizational Characteristics of Substance Abuse Treatment Facilities. In: Alcohol and Drug Services Study (ADSS): The National Substance Abuse Treatment System: Facilities, Clients, Services, and Staffing.. Schneider Institute for Health Policy, Heller School, Brandeis University. Waltham, MA: 2003.

Levine, H.J., Ritter, G., Krenske, T., Legum, S.E., Carusi, C., Mohadjer, L., Reif, S., Lee, M.T., Horgan, C.M.. Phase II Methodology - Facility Administrator Interview and Client Record Abstraction. In: Alcohol and Drug Services Study (ADSS) Methodology Report: Phases I, II and III (online only). Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. Rockville, MD: 2003.

Marsden, M.E., Reif, S., Pieroni, M., Levine, H.J., Lee, M.T., Ritter, G., Horgan, C.M.. Client Populations in Substance Abuse Treatment Facilities. In: Alcohol and Drug Services Study (ADSS): The National Substance Abuse Treatment System: Facilities, Clients, Services, and Staffing (online only). Schneider Instititute for Health Policy, Heller School, Brandeis University. Waltham, MA: 2003.

Merrick, E.L., Horgan, C.M., Garnick, D.W., Hodgkin, D., Keck, K., Cenczyk, R.. "The EAP/behavioral Health Carve-Out Connection." Employee Assistance Quarterly 18. 3 (2003): 1-14.

Ritter, G., Carusi, C., Krenzke, T., Legum, S.E., Mohadjer, L., Reif, S., Lee, M.T., Horgan, C.M.. Phase III Methodology - Client Follow-Up Study. In: Alcohol and Drug Services Study (ADSS): Methodology Report: Phases I, II, and III (online only). U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. Rockville, MD: 2003.

Ritter, G., Levine, H.J., Mohadjer, L., Krenzke, T., Lee, M.T., Reif, S., Horgan, C.M.. Phase I Methodology - ADSS Facility Survey. In: Alcohol and Drug Services Study (ADSS): Methodology Report: Phases I, II, and III (online only). U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Rockville MD: 2003.

Shepard, D.S., Beaston-Blaakman, A., Horgan, C.M.. The ADSS Cost Study: Costs of Substance Abuse Treatment in the Specialty Sector.. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies (Analytic Series: A-20), DHHS Publication No. SMA 03-3762. Rockville, MD: 2003.

Garnick, D.W., Hodgkin, D., Horgan, C.M.. "Selecting Data Sources for Substance Abuse Services Research." Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 22. 1 (2002): 11-22.

Garnick, D.W., Horgan, C.M., Merrick, E.L., Hodgkin, D., Faulkner, D., Bryson, S.. "Managed Care Plans' Requirements for Screening for Alcohol, Drug, and Mental Health Problems in Primary Care." American Journal of Managed Care 8. 10 (2002): 879-888.

Garnick, D.W., Lee, M.T., Chalk, M., Gastfriend, D.R., Horgan, C.M., McCorry, F., McLellan, A.T., Merrick, E.L.. "Establishing the Feasibility of Performance Measures for Alcohol and Other Drugs." Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 23. 4 (2002): 375-385.

Hodgkin, D., Horgan, C.M., Garnick, D.W., Merrick, E.L.. "Quality Standards and Incentives in Managed Care Organizations' Specialty Contracts for Behavioral Health." Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics 5. 2 (2002): 61-69.

Horgan, C.M. , Lee, M.T., Reif, S. , Ritter, G. , Shepard, D.S.. Drug Abuse Treatment under Managed Care. Poster Presentation. Proc. of Abstracts, XIV International AIDS Conference, Barcelona, Spain,. 2002.

Horgan, C.M., Merrick, E.L., Garnick, D.W., Hodgkin, D.. "Alcohol and Drug Services under Managed Care: Getting into Specialty Treatment. [In: Magura, S, Horgan, CM, Mertens, JR, Shepard, DS, eds. Effects of Managed Care on Alcohol and Other Drug (AOD) Treatment. Special Issue]." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 26. 3 (2002): 416-422.

Magura, S., Horgan, C.M., Mertens, J.R., Shepard, D.S.. "Effects of Managed Care on Alcohol and Other Drug (AOD) Treatment." Alcoholism-Clinical and Experimental Research 26. 3 (2002): 416-422.

Merrick, E.L., Garnick, D.W., Horgan, C.M., Hodgkin, D.. "Quality Measurement and Accountability for Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services in Managed Care Organizations." Medical Care 40. 12 (2002): 1238-1248.

Ritter, G., Shepard, D.S., Beaston-Blaakman, A., Reif, S., Horgan, C.M.. Are Incentive Payments Cost-Effective in Surveying a Hard-to-interview Population: the Experience in ADSS. Proc. of 130th Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association. 2002.

Shepard, D.S., Beaston-Blaakman, A., Horgan, C.M.. Determinants of Cost of Substance Abuse Treatment. Proc. of 130th Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association. 2002.

Garnick, D.W., Horgan, C.M., Hodgkin, D,, Merrick, E.L., Goldin, D., Ritter, G., Skwara, K.. "Risk Transfer and Accountability in Managed Care Organizations Carve-out Contracts." Psychiatric Services 52. 11 (2001): 1502-1509.

Horgan, C.M., Merrick, E.L.. "Financing of Substance Abuse Treatment Services." Recent Developments in Alcoholism: Services Research in the Era of Managed Care. vol. 15 Ed. Galanter, M.. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001. 229-252.

Horgan, C.M., Reif, S., Ritter, G., Lee, M.T.. "Organizational and Financial Issues in the Delivery of Substance Abuse Treatment Services." Recent Developments in Alcoholism: Services Research in the Era of Managed Care. vol. 15 Ed. Galanter, M.. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001. 9-26.

Horgan, C.M., Strickler, G., Skwara, K.. Substance Abuse: The Nation's Number One Health Problem - Key Indicators for Policy - Update. Schneider Insitute for Health Policy, Heller School, Brandeis University. Waltham, MA: 2001.

Huskamp, H.A., Garnick, D.W., Hanson, K.W., Horgan, C.M.. "The Impact of Withdrawals by Medicaid Managed Care Plans on Behavioral Health Services." Psychiatric Services 52. 5 (2001): 600-602.

Lee, M.T., Reif, S., Ritter, G., Levine, H.J., Horgan, C.M.. "Access to Services in the Substance Abuse Treatment System: Variations by Facility Characteristics." Recent Developments in Alcoholism: Services Research in the Era of Managed Care. vol. 15 Ed. Galanter, M.. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001. 137-156.

Merrick, E.L., Garnick, D.W., Horgan, C.M., Goldin, D., Hodgkin, D., Sciegaj, M.. "Benefits in Behavioral Health Carve-Out Plans of Fortune 500 Firms." Psychiatric Services 52. 7 (2001): 943-948.

Sciegaj, M., Garnick, D.W., Horgan, C.M., Merrick, E.L., Goldin, D., Urato, M., Hodgkin, D.. "Employee Assistance Programs among Fortune 500 firms." Employee Assistance Quarterly 16. 3 (2001): 25-35.

Hodgkin, D., Horgan, C.M., Garnick, D.W., Merrick, E.L., Goldin, D.. "Why Carve Out? Determinants of Behavioral Health Contracting Choice Among Large US Employers." Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research 27. 2 (2000): 178-193.

Horgan, C.M., Garnick, D.W., Merrick, E.L., Hodgkin, D., Sciegaj, M., Goldin, D.. "Structuring Behavioral Health Care: Carved Out or Integrated?." Compensation and Benefits Management 16. 4 (2000): 39-46.

Horgan, C.M., Hodgkin, D.. "Mental Illness and Substance Abuse Among Low-Income Populations." Access to Health Care: Promises and Prospects for Low-Income Americans. Ed. Lillie-Blanton, M., Martinez, R.M., Lyons, B., Rowland, D.. Washington, DC: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 1999. 73-95.

Merrick, E.L., Garnick, D.W, Horgan, C.M., Goldin, D., Hodgkin, D., Sciegaj, M.. "Use of Performance Standards in Behavioral Health Carve-Out Contracts among Fortune 500 firms." American Journal of Managed Care 5. (1999): SP81-SP90.

Garnick, D.W., Hendricks, A.M., Comstock, C., Horgan, C.M.. "Do Individuals with Substance Abuse Diagnoses Incur Higher Charges than Individuals with Other Chronic Conditions?." Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 14. 5 (1997): 457-465.

Hodgkin, D., Horgan, C.M., Garnick, D.W.. "Make or Buy: HMOs' Contracting Arrangements for Mental Health Care." Administration and Policy in Mental Health 24. 4 (1997): 359-376.

Garnick, D.W., Hendricks, A.M., Drainoni, M.L., Horgan, C.M., Comstock, C.. "Private Sector Coverage of People with Dual Diagnoses." Journal of Mental Health Administration 23. 3 (1996): 317-328.

Garnick, D.W., Horgan, C.M., Hendricks, A.M., Comstock, C.. "Using Health Insurance Claims Data to Analyze Substance Abuse Charges and Utilization." Medical Care Research and Review 53. 3 (1996): 350-368.

Horgan, C.M.. "Need and Access to Drug-Abuse Treatment." Treating Drug Abusers Effectively. Ed. Egertson, J.A., Fox, D.M., Leshner, A.I.. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1996. 75-98.