Processes of Migration
This page lists selected resources that explore diverse aspects of how language — and the search to understand and be understood — impact the experiences of migrants, whether they find themselves on the move or settled in a new country.
Why a Theme on Migration?
Most academic scholarship focuses on migrants' rights to legal representation or specific legal remedies, such as asylum, family reunification, or the right to study and/or work. However, little scholarly attention has been given to migrants' communicative needs and rights, for example in accessing interpretation and translation. Moreover, a gap persists between the formal rules, laws and policies regarding language access, and the ways that language access is (or is not) provided in practice.
Another crucial aspect of migration and language pertains to interpreters' roles and professionalism levels. Different legal and nonlegal contexts may have certain expectations about what interpreters should or should not do, as well as whether interpreters must be professionals or if they can be nonprofessionals (typically family, friends or community members). These expectations may differ from interpreters' own understandings of their roles. Such misaligned expectations can create linguistic frustrations and may even adversely affect the individuals on whose behalf the interpretation is provided.
Equally important are "language ideologies," defined by sociolinguist Kathryn Woolard as the "socially, politically and morally loaded cultural assumptions about the way that language works in social life and about the role of particular linguistic forms in a given society." Language ideologies can affect how attorneys perceive their clients, and can have important ramifications for how they approach important aspects of immigration cases, such as declaration-writing, preparing their client to provide testimony and even deciding whether or not their client needs an interpreter.
This resource page highlights some of the scholarship as well as more publicly accessible commentary that speaks to these points. We hope that these resources are helpful in promoting dialogues around these important themes, both in academic and practitioner circles.
Resources
Click on the type of resource below to explore scholarly publications, reports, commentaries and more. Many of the items listed below without links may still be found gratis online through a simple Google search.
Books
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Alim, H. Samy, John R. Rickford, and Arnetha F. Ball, eds. 2016. Raciolinguistics: How Language Shapes Our Ideas About Race. 1st Edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
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American Bar Association, ed. 2012. American Bar Association Standards for Language Access in Courts. Chicago: American Bar Association, Standing Committee on Legal Aid and Indigent Defendants.
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Angermeyer, Philipp Sebastian. 2015. Speak English or What? Codeswitching and Interpreter Use in New York City Courts. Oxford University Press.
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Berk-Seligson, Susan, ed. 2017. The Bilingual Courtroom: Court Interpreters in the Judicial Process, Second Edition. 2nd ed. Edition. Chicago ; London: University of Chicago Press.
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Gatta, Gian Luigi, Valsamis Mitsilegas, and Stefano Zirulia, eds. 2021. Controlling Immigration Through Criminal Law: European and Comparative Perspectives on “Crimmigration.” Bloomsbury.
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Inghilleri, Moira. 2012. Interpreting Justice: Ethics, Politics and Language. London: Routledge.
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Maryns, Katrijn. 2006. The Asylum Speaker: Language in the Belgian Asylum Procedure. Routledge.
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Mellinger, Hillary. 2020. Access to Justice at the Asylum Office. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation/master's thesis]. American University.
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National Center for State Courts, and State Justice Institute (U.S.). 2013. A National Call to Action: Access to Justice for Limited English Proficient Litigants — Creating Solutions to Language Barriers in State Courts. Williamsburg, Va.: National Center for State Courts.
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Noll, Gregor. 2005. Proof, Evidentiary Assessment and Credibility in Asylum Procedures. Martinus Nijhoff.
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Perrino, Sabina. 2019. Narrating Migration: Intimacies of Exclusion in Northern Italy. 1st Edition. New York: Routledge.
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Piller, Ingrid. 2016. Linguistic Diversity and Social Justice: An Introduction to Applied Sociolinguistics. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
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Rao, Sonya. 2021. Privatizing Language Work: Interpreters and Access in Los Angeles Immigration Court. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation in Anthropology]. University of California-Los Angeles.
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Shapiro, Shawna, Raichle Farrelly, and Mary Jane Curry, eds. 2018. Educating Refugee Background Students: Critical Issues and Dynamic Contexts. Multilingual Matters.
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Tahmasebian, Kayvan, and Rebecca R. Gould, eds. 2020. Routledge Handbook of Translation and Activism. Routledge.
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Taiba, Moustapha. 2017. Translating for the Community. Multilingual Matters.
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Trinch, Shonna L. 2003. Latinas' Narratives of Domestic Abuse: Discrepant Versions of Violence. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
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United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2017. Handbook for Interpreters in Asylum Procedures. Vienna, Austria: UNHCR Austria.
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Valero Garcés, Carmen, and Rebecca Tipton, eds. 2017. Ideology, Ethics and Policy Development in Public Service Interpreting and Translation. Multilingual Matters.
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Woolard, Kathryn A. 2017. Singular and Plural: Ideologies and Linguistic Authority in 21st-Century Catalonia. Oxford University Press.
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Wortham, Stanton, Briana Nichols, Katherine Clonan-Roy, and Catherine Rhodes. 2020. Migration Narratives: Diverging Stories in Schools, Churches and Civic Institutions. Bloomsbury.
Articles, Book Chapters and Reports
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Abel, Laura. 2011. “Language Access in Immigration Courts.” Brennan Center for Justice at the New York University School of Law 29.
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Adserà, Alícia, and Mariola Pytliková. 2015. “The Role of Language in Shaping International Migration.” The Economic Journal 125(586):49–81.
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Ahmad, Muneer I. 2007. “Interpreting Communities: Lawyering Across Language Difference.” UCLA Law Review 54:999-1086.
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Aliverti, Ana, and Rachel Seoighe. 2017. “Lost in Translation? Examining the Role of Court Interpreters in Cases Involving Foreign National Defendants in England and Wales.” New Criminal Law Review 20(1):130–56.
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Angermeyer, Philipp Sebastian. 2009. “Translation Style and Participant Roles in Court Interpreting.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 13(1):3–28.
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Barak, Maya P. 2021. “Can You Hear Me Now? Attorney Perceptions of Interpretation, Technology, and Power in Immigration Court.” Journal on Migration and Human Security 1–17.
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Bauer, Thomas, Gil S. Epstein, and Ira N. Gang. 2005. “Enclaves, Language, and the Location Choice of Migrants.” Journal of Population Economics 18(4):649–62.
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Beck, K. L. 2017. “Interpreting Injustice: The Department of Homeland Security’s Failure to Comply with Federal Language Access Requirements in Immigration Detention.” Harvard LatinX Law Review (20):15–50.
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Benton, Grace. n.d. “‘Speak Anglish:’ Language Access and Due Process In Asylum Proceedings.” Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 34:20.
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Berbel, Erke Cases. 2020. “Challenges and Difficulties of Translation and Interpreting in the Migration and Refugee Crisis in Germany.” Open Linguistics 6(1).
- Bruïne, Gabi de, Annelies Vredeveldt & Peter J. van Koppen. 2018. "Cross‐cultural Differences in Object Recognition: Comparing Asylum Seekers From Sub‐Saharan Africa and a Matched Western European Control Group." Applied Cognitive Psychology 2018: 1-11.
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Bohmer, Carol, and Amy Shuman. 2005. “Producing Epistemologies of Ignornace in the Political Asylum Application Process.” Identities 14(5):603–29.
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Bowles, John R. 2007. “Court Interpreters in Alabama State Court: Present Perils, Practices and Possibilities.” American Journal of Trial Advocacy 31:619–49.
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Byrne, Rosemary. 2007. “Assessing Testimonial Evidence in Asylum Proceedings: Guiding Standards from the International Criminal Tribunals.” International Journal of Refugee Law 19(4): 609–38.
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Coffey, Guy. 2003. “The Credibility of Credibility Evidence at the Refugee Review Tribunal.” International Journal of Refugee Law 15(3):377–417.
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Dadhania, Pooja R. 2020. “Language Access and Due Process in Asylum Interviews.” Denver University Law Review 97(4):707–42.
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De Jong, Sara. 2016. “Cultural Brokers in Post-Colonial Migration Regimes.” Pp. 45–59 in Negotiating Normativity, edited by N. Dhawan, E. Fink, J. Leinius, and R. Mageza-Barthel. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
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Desmet, Klaus, Ignacio Ortuño-Ortín, and Romain Wacziarg. 2012. “The Political Economy of Linguistic Cleavages.” Journal of Development Economics 97(2):322–38.
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Dovchin, Sender. 2020. “The Psychological Damages of Linguistic Racism and International Students in Australia.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 23(2):1–15.
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Du, Biyu (Jade). 2019. “Multilingualism in Legal Space: The Issue of Mutual Understanding in ELF Communication between Defendants and Interpreters.” International Journal of Multilingualism 16(3):317–35.
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Eades, Diana. 2003. “Participation of Second Language and Second Dialect Speakers in the Legal System.” Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 23:113–33.
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Eades, Diana. 2012. “The Social Consequences of Language Ideologies in Courtroom Cross-Examination.” Language in Society 41(4):471–97.
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Eastmond, Marita. 2007. “Stories as Lived Experience: Narratives in Forced Migration Research.” Journal of Refugee Studies 20(2):248–64.
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Every, Danielle, and Martha Augostinos. 2008. “‘Taking Advantage’ or Fleeing Persecution: Oppsong Accounts of Asylum Seeking.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 12(5):648–67.
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Fathi, Sahar. 2020. “The Right to Understand and Be Understood: Urban Activism and US Migrants’ Access to Interpreters.” Pp. 297–316 in The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Activism, edited by R. R. Gould and K. Tahmasebian. New York, NY: Routledge.
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Findling, Jessica, and Georgina Heydon. 2016. “Questioning the Evidence: A Case for Best-Practice Models of Interviewing in the Refugee Review Tribunal.” Journal of Judicial Administration 26(4):19–30.
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Gauci, Jean-Pierre. 2020. “The ‘Voluntary’ in Assisted Voluntary Return.” In conference proceedings of Externalisation of Borders: Detention Practices and the Denial of the Right to Asylum. Lagos, Nigeria. Available at https://www.academia.edu/44258326/The_voluntary_in_assisted_voluntary_return?email_work_card=abstract-read-more.
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Gentry, Blake. 2015. Exclusion of Indigenous Language Speaking Immigrants in the US Immigration System: A Technical Review (pdf).
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Gentry, Blake. 2020. “‘O’odham Niok? In Indigenous Langauges, U.S. “Jurisprudence” Means Nothing.’” Chicanx-Latinx Law Review 37(1):30–63.
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Global Crisis Center. 2016. Managing the Refugee and Migrant Crisis: The Role of Governments, Private Sector and Technology.
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Gonzales, Patrisia, Juanita Lopez, and Rachel Starks. 2019. Indigenous Peoples' Rights to Exist, Self-Determination, Language and Due Process in Migration.
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Hale, Sandra. 2008. “Controversies over the Role of the Court Interpreter.” Pp. 99–121 in Crossing Borders in Community Interpreting: Definitions and Dilemmas, edited by C. Valero Garcés and A. Martin. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Benjamins Translation Library.
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Hambly, Jessica. 2019. “Interactions and Identities in UK Asylum Appeals: Lawyers and Law in a Quasi-Legal Setting.” Pp. 195–218 in Asylum Determination in Europe: Ethnographic Perspectives, Palgrave Socio-Legal Studies, edited by N. Gill and A. Good. Springer International Publishing.
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Hansen, Karolina, and John F. Dovidio. 2016. “Social Dominance Orientation, Nonnative Accents, and Hiring Recommendations.” Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 22(4):544–51.
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Harris, L. M., and Hillary Mellinger. 2021. “Asylum Attorney Burnout and Secondary Trauma.” Wake Forest Law Review 56.
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Hatton, Timothy J., and Jeffrey G. Williamson. 2005. “What Fundamentals Drive World Migration?” in Poverty, International Migration and Asylum, edited by G. Borjas and J. Crisp. Palgrave-Macmillan.
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Herlihy, Jane, Kate Gleeson, and Stuart Turner. 2010. “What Assumptions About Human Behaviour Underlie Asylum Judgments?” International Journal of Refugee Law 22(3):351–66.
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Ignatius, Sarah, and Deborah Anker. 1992. An Interim Assessment of the Asylum Process of the Immigration and Naturalization Service. National Asylum Study Project of the Harvard Law School Immigration and Refugee Program.
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Irvine, Judith, and Susan Gal. 2000. “Language Ideology and Linguistic Differentiation.” Pp. 35–83 in Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities, and Identities, edited by P. V. Kroskrity. Santa Fe, New Mexico: School of American Research Press.
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Jacobs, Marie, and Katrijn Maryns. 2021. “Managing Narratives, Managing Identities: Language and Credibility in Legal Consultations with Asylum Seekers.” Language in Society 1–28.
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Jacquemet, Marco. 2009. “Transcribing Refugees: The Entextualization of Asylum Seekers’ Hearings in a Transidiomatic Environment.” Text and Talk 29(5):525–46.
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Jacquemet, Marco. 2011. “Crosstalk 2.0: Asylum and Communicative Breakdowns.” Text & Talk 31(4).
- Jawetz, Tom and Scott Shuchart. 2019. "Language Access Has Life-or-Death Consequences for Migrants." Center for American Progress report (20 February 2019).
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Kjelsvik, Bjørghild. 2014. “‘Winning a Battle, but Losing the War’: Contested Identities, Narratives, and Interaction in Asylum Interviews.” Text & Talk 34(1):89–115.
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Kvam, Dani S. 2017. “Supporting Mexican Immigrants’ Resettlement in the United States: An Ethnography of Communication Approach to Building Allies’ Communication Competence.” Journal of Applied Communication Research 45(1):1–20.
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Ladegaard, Hans J. 2017. “The Disquieting Tension of ‘the Other’: International Students’ Experience of Sojourn in Hong Kong.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 38(3):268–82.
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Ladegaard, Hans J., and Ho Fai Cheng. 2014. “Constructing the Cultural ‘Other’: Prejudice and Intergroup Conflict in University Students’ Discourses about ‘the Other.’” Language and Intercultural Communication 14(2):156–75.
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Lukes, M. 2009. “‘We Thought They Had Forgotten Us’: Research, Policy, and Practice in the Education of Latino Immigrant Adults.” Journal of Latinos and Education 8(2):161–72.
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Lukes, M., and J. Lyons. 2015. “Educational Programming for Low-Literate Adult Migrants in the U.S.” in Challenging Agendas: Policy and Practice in Language Education for Adult Migrants, edited by A. Whiteside and J. Simpson. New York, NY: Routledge.
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Maniar, Aisha. 2019. “Behind a Wall of Silence: Interpreters and Detainee Vulnerability in Britain’s Immigration Detention Estate.” FITISPos International Journal: Public Service Interpreting and Translation 6(1).
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Maryns, Katrijn. 2005. “Monolingual Language Ideologies and Code Choice in the Belgian Asylum Procedure.” Language and Communication 25(3):299–314.
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Mellinger, Hillary. 2021. “Quality over Quantity: Legal Representation at the Asylum Office.” Law & Policy. doi: 10.1111/lapo.12177.
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Miller, Kenneth E., Zoe L. Martell, Linda Pazdirek, Melissa Caruth, and Diana Lopez. 2005. “The Role of Interpreters in Psychotherapy with Refugees: An Exploratory Study.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 75(1):27–39.
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Mollo, E. Jr. 2005. “The Expansion of Video Conferencing Technology in Immigration Proceedings and Its Impact on Venue Provisions, Interpretation Rights, and the Mexcian Immigrant Community.” Journal of Gender, Race & Justice 9:689–712.
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Piller, Ingrid. 2001. “Naturalization Language Testing and Its Basis in Ideologies of National Identity and Citizenship.” International Journal of Bilingualism 5(3):259–77.
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Piller, Ingrid. 2015. “Language Ideologies.” The International Encyclopedia of Language and Social Interaction. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Piller, Ingrid, Hanna Torsh, and Laura Smith-Khan. 2021. “Securing the Borders of English and Whiteness.” Ethnicities. doi: 10.1177/14687968211052610.
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Pöllbauer, Sonya. 2004. “Interpreting in Asylum Hearings: Issues of Role, Responsibility and Power” (pdf). Interpreting 6(2):143–80.
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Rao, Sonya, and Edwin K. Everhart. 2021. “Lingual Life Histories: Introduction to the Special Issue.” Journal of Anthropological Research 77(1):10–15.
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Rathod, Jayesh. 2017. “The Transformative Potential of Attorney Bilingualism.” University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform 46:863–920.
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Rengifo, Andres F., Diba Rouzbahani, and Jennifer Peirce. 2020. “Court Interpreters and the Political Economy of Bail in Three Arraignment Courts.” Law & Policy 42(3):236–60.
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Seoighe, Rachel, and Ana Aliverti. 2017. “‘Lost in Translation? Examining the Role of Court Interpreters in Cases Involving Foreign National Defendants in England and Wales.’” New Criminal Law Review (20(1)):130–56.
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Severs, Eline, and Sara de Jong. 2018. “Preferable Minority Representatives: Brokerage and Betrayal.” PS: Political Science & Politics 51(2):345–50.
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Shuman, Amy, and Carol Bohmer. 2012. “The Stigmatized Vernacular: Political Asylum and the Politics of Visibility/Recognition.” Journal of Folklore Research 49(2):199–226.
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Smith-Khan, Laura. 2017a. “Different in the Same Way? Language, Diversity, and Refugee Credibility.” International Journal of Refugee Law 29(3):389–416.
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Smith-Khan, Laura. 2017b. “Negotiating Narratives, Accessing Asylum: Evaluating Language Policy as Multi-Level Practice, Beliefs and Management.” Multilingua 36(1):31–57.
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Smith-Khan, Laura. 2017c. “Telling Stories: Credibility and the Representation of Social Actors in Australian Asylum Appeals.” Discourse & Society 28(5):512–34.
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Smith-Khan, Laura. 2019a. “Communicative Resources and Credibility in Public Discourse on Refugees.” Language in Society 48(3):403–27.
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Smith-Khan, Laura. 2019b. “Debating Credibility: Refugees and Rape in the Media.” Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 42(1):4–36.
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Smith-Khan, Laura. 2020. “Migration Practitioners’ Roles in Communicating Credible Refugee Claims.” Alternative Law Journal 45(2):119–24.
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Smith-Khan, Laura. 2021. “‘Common Language’ and Proficiency Tests: A Critical Examination of Registration Requirements for Australian Registered Migration Agents.” Griffith Law Review 0(0):1–25.
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Tipton, Rebecca. 2008. “Reflexivity and the Social Construction of Identity in Interpreter-Mediated Asylum Interviews.” The Translator 14(1):1–19.
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United States Government Accountability Office. 2010. DHS Needs to Comprehensively Assess Its Foreign Language Needs and Capabilities and Identify Shortfalls." Report to the Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, the Federal Workforce, and the District of Columbia, Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate. GAO-10-714.
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Vlis, E. V. D. 2010. “The Right to Interpretation and Translation in Criminal Proceedings.” The Journal of Specialised Translation 14.
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Vogl, Anthea. 2013. “Telling Stories from Start to Finish: Exploring the Demand for Narrative in Refugee Testimony.” Griffith Law Review 22(1).
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Vogler, Richard. 2015. “Lost in Translation: Language Rights for Defendants in European Criminal Proceedings.” Pp. 95–109 in Human Rights in European Criminal Law, edited by S. Ruggeri. Springer, Cham.
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Wallace, M., and C. I. Hernández. 2017. “Language Access for Asylum Seekers in Borderland Detention Centers in Texas.” Journal of Language and Law 68:143–56.
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Wiley, T. G., and Marguerite Lukes. 2015. “English-Only and Standard English Ideologies in the United States.” Pp. 106–29 in Language Policy and Planning: Critical Concepts in Linguistics, Vol. Vol. III, edited by T. Ricento. London: Routledge.
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Zagor, Matthew. 2014. “Recognition and Narrative Identities: Is Refugee Law Redeemable?” Pp. 311–53 in Allegiance and Identity in a Globalised World, Connecting International Law with Public Law, edited by F. Jenkins, K. Rubenstein, and M. Nolan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Zambelli, Pia. 2017. “Hearing Differently: Knowledge-Based Approaches to Assessment of Refugee Narrative.” International Journal of Refugee Law 29(1):10–41.
Commentaries, Blogs, Etc.
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Anon. 17 August 2016. “How Bad Translation by Court Interpreters Can Turn Misunderstanding into Injustice.” PBS NewsHour.
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Anon. 30 August 2019. “What Makes It Hard for Migrants to Learn the Language of Their New Home?” Open Learn.
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Anon. 20 May 2020. “WEBINAR: Reclaiming Language Access in U.S. Latino Communities during COVID-19: Patient-Centeredness at Risk?” Patient-Centered Language Access Research.
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Greenbank, Emily. 21 June 2017. “Refugees in the Media: Villains and Victims.” Language on the Move.
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Jawetz, Tom, and Scott Shucart. 20 February 2019. “Language Access Has Life-or-Death Consequences for Migrants.” Center for American Progress.
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Jensen, Elizabeth. 16 April 2019. “Apprehensive About ‘Apprehensions’ (and ‘Crisis’ and ‘Record’).” National Public Radio.
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De Jong, Sara. 6 November 2019. “Afghan Interpreters Demand Rights, Not Favours.” Discover Society.
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Kiekowski, Amanda. 20 December 2016. “What’s the Difference Between an Immigrant and an Expat?” The Conversation.
- Language on the Move: "COVID-19 Archives" .
- Language on the Move: contributions on theme of "language and migration"
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Magennis, Sophie. 28 April 2017. “Setting the EU Scene: A Management Crisis, Not a Refugee Crisis.” OpenDemocracy.
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Maniar, Aisha. 23 June 2016. “(Language) Policing at Europe’s Borders.” Institute of Race Relations.
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Maniar, Aisha. 23 September 2018. “Can You Hear Us? Interpreters and Detainee Welfare in Immigration Removal Centres.” One Small Window ...
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McHugh, Margie. 10 June 2015. “It Is Time for Federal Agencies to Do More to Improve the Provision of Language Access Services.” Migrationpolicy.org.
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McIntosh, Susan. 5 August 2020. “The ‘Invisible Enemy’: Language, Trump and COVID-19.” Fifteen Eighty Four: Academic Perspectives from Cambridge University Press.
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Piller, Ingrid. 8 April 2019. “Asylum Interviews as Linguistic Conflict Zones.” Language on the Move.
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Planas, Roque. 4 September 2016. “Winning Asylum Is Even Harder For Central Americans Who Don’t Speak Spanish.” HuffPost.
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Ramji-Nogales, Jaya. 27 July 2020. “Dispatches From a Racialized Border: The Invisible Threat.” Just Security.
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Rao, Sonya. 16 April 2019. “Communicating in Times of Crisis.” Anthropology News.
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Redden, Elizabeth. 5 February 2019. “Not an Isolated Incident: Recent Controversy Over Email From Duke Professor About Chinese Students Speaking Chinese in Lounges Reflects Larger Tensions in Academe, Experts Say.” Inside Higher Ed.
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Reynolds, Judith. 22 February 2019. “Briefing: Overcoming Language Barriers in Lawyer-Client Communication.” Free Movement.
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Sarkozi-Farfinski, Jason. 18 July 2019. “Speak English or Else You Will Be Put on Dish Duty.” Anthropology News.
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Savini, Catherine. 27 January 2021. “10 Ways to Tackle Linguistic Bias in Our Classrooms.” Inside Higher Ed.
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Smith-Khan, Laura. 14 June 2017. “Telling Stories? Credibility in Asylum Interviews.” Language on the Move.
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Smith-Khan, Laura. 14 November 2017. “Are We All Different in the Same Way?” Language on the Move.
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Smith-Khan, Laura. 11 July 2019. “Debating Refugee Credibility.” Language on the Move.
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Smith-Khan, Laura. 23 July 2019. “Language and Indigenous Disadvantage.” Language on the Move.
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Smith-Khan, Laura. 6 May 2020. “Five Language Myths About Refugee Credibility.” Language on the Move.
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Tammas, Rifaie. 1 November 2019. “Refugee Stories Could Do More Harm Than Good: The Pressure of Storytelling Can Leave Refugees Feeling Tokenized and Disempowered.” Open Democracy.
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White, Aidan. 31 August 2015. “When It Comes to the Migration Story, Words Matter.” Open Democracy.