English 1a Research Assignment
English
You will be asked to do two pre-draft assignments, both attached, to help prepare for this paper.
- A paper proposal
- An annotated pibliography
Final Paper Topics
The general guidelines for the paper are as follows:
- Due: *as per syllabus* in John’s box [note later deadline…]
- 10-13 pages (double-spaced, 12pt, well margined)
- It should include both footnotes and a bibliography. Use Chicago Manual of Style or the MLA handbook for proper citation. If in doubt, check this resource for online citation.
- Each of you should have at least a brief meeting with Lauren once during the process. She will be making her office hours available by sign-up starting next week before the proposal is due, but you can also meet her to discuss the annotated bibliography or the final paper. You are also strongly encouraged to meet with John.
- It should focus on one of the texts that we have read in class, but it may bring in the others for comparison. It can certainly use the insights it gains by its conclusion to make larger claims about novels, or ideas about contentious topics like gender, class or political power — as you have come to understand them from the texts that we have read. In other words, don't let a small sample size deter you from trying to put together large structures; just stay grounded in a specific text to do so.
- You may choose to write about a text we did not read in class — but please, in your paper proposal, state your reasons for doing so as persuasively as you can (other books by authors we studied in class are the texts most likely to be okayed).
- Your paper should make use of some outside research, which may include articles read (or alluded to and referenced) in class. Please make use of the MLA Bibliography (I'll talk more about this in class soon), and the Norton editions we are reading (and of things posted on Latte) as an initial resource, and come to talk to me with further queries.
Outside sources
There are a wide variety of outside sources: For example, you might choose to use:
- Literary criticism on specific works (e.g., North article on Sozaboy)
- Historical/contextualization (e.g., Richard Wright on Zora Neal Hurston)
- Literary theory (e.g., Eagleton and Jacobson on "what is literature/poetry?")
For each of those categories, I’d be very happy to make further suggestions.
- Finally and most importantly, this paper should be on a topic of your own choosing and really excites you to original thought, one that encourages you to be as imaginative as possible while remaining responsibly attached to what you have noticed and gotten excited about in the texts. I want you to use the close reading that we emphasize in class and on Latte, but to use it to develop your own thoughts — which need not bear any relation to the major themes touched on in class!
Paper Proposal
Due by email by assigned deadline to both plotz@brandeis.edu and holmla@brandeis.edu.
For the paper proposal, please write up a 3-paragraph proposal.
- Paragraph 1. Indicate the question that interests you and why, in one of the texts that we have read. This is crucial — you want a topic that you can approach in a reasonable length of time, but one that is of general interest and related to the literary, aesthetic, political and social questions we have raised during the semester. "Is Captain Delano a good man?" is too vague and too broad a topic for you to get a handle on; "Why does Equiano move out of the way of the running boy?" is probably too narrowly defined. Between those two, however, are a set of questions (which might be about ethical, stylistic or philosophic issues) that our reading methods can help you to answer (a paper on ways that Equiano defines is identity in terms of his work, his actions and his property, for instance, might work well).
- Paragraph 2. How are you going to try to approach that question? What sorts of outside sources will you use; why; and how will you use them?
- Paragraph 3. What sort of textual evidence are you thinking about using? This is related to question 2, but more directly based on the text. Have you noticed something strange about Tagore's way of representing the insides of different minds? Is Naipaul's style a direct response to the linguistic excesses of Conradian Modernism, etc.
Please, if you have any questions or comments regarding this, or would like more guidance on how to write such a thing, don’t hesitate to approach me or Lauren by e-mail or in person (those office hours, again, are John, 12-1 p.m. Mondays and Wednesdays, Rabb 264; Lauren, 3-4 p.m. Thursdays or by appointment, Rabb 248). We will give you written feedback (paper or email) by the following Monday at the latest.
Annotated bibliography — English 1a
Due by assigned deadline.
This assignment asks you to find a literary topic that interests you and to find a series of articles and books that have been written about it. You are responsible for reading the articles in a systematic way, and gaining a sense of which articles most closely fit with your own interests and way of approaching the topic you have chosen. One key payoff: If you have chosen your topic well, it may be extremely useful in writing your final paper.
The mechanics
The bibliography itself will contain 12-15 entries. For all but three, you need only write a single sentence explaining what the work is about (note: that single sentence is missing on the example bibliography given below). For three of the articles, however (and you are welcome to do four or five if you would like to), you will write up a brief (six-sentence) summary of the article, which should contain three key ingredients:
- What the article is about (e.g., paranoia in "Gravity’s Rainbow")
- What its argument and approach are (e.g., it uses Marxist theory to argue that Pynchon is critiquing American capitalism).
- What your take on this argument is (e.g., the passages chosen don't really make the points they are supposed to).
You will develop your topic for the paper proposal due in late March. Once you receive feedback on your proposal, you should start researching the topic.
Basically, you need to familiarize yourself with the key scholarly resource here: the MLA bibliography, (in the Most Popular Databases box). As you will see from playing around with it, the MLA database allows you to search by author, subject or a variety of other fields. It will also allow you to read a great many articles online: for others, you will need to visit the stacks.
Requirement: At least one of the articles you explore in detail must be from a journal you got from the library stacks, not online.
Then (and this is the key wrinkle, once you are well underway), once you have located the articles that are relevant to your search, you need to do something equally important: read through the five most recent articles on your topic, and find out what articles they cite. This is key: the five most recent may or may not be good interesting articles, but they ought to be able to tell you what articles are at the center of ongoing conversations.
What does a good bibliography look like?
I'm glad you asked. Here is an excerpt from a fine bibliography from a previous year. I trimmed a lot out of it, but you can get the idea. One nice detail is that she chose to arrange the bibliography in chronological order (with the longer entries interspersed with the shorter ones) so as to give a sense of how the critical conversation evolved.
Sample Critical Bibliography on "Gravity’s Rainbow" by Thomas Pynchon
Richard Porier, "Rocket Power," in Saturday Review March 1973: 59-64.
One of the earliest reviews, this article discusses the significance of paranoia and the reader's tendency to leap to conclusions before the novel has provided answers.
Charles Clerc, in introduction to "Approaches to Gravity's Rainbow" ed. Charles Clerk. (Columbus: Ohio State University Press 1983): 3-30.
This essay describes "Gravity's Rainbow's" pivotal place in the evolution of American fiction as the paradigmatic post-modern novel and attempts to simplify the work down to its most important aspects. The essay provides a useful introduction to the plot and scope of the book, detailing a multitude of ways in which it can be viewed. The main impression given by this essay is one of a voluminous work that is a collage of different styles, tones, and plots so intricately connected that the work as a whole defies categorization. But, nevertheless, this essay tries valiantly to convey the multiplicity of meaning contained in Gravity’s Rainbow, especially in terms of Pynchon’s own massive intelligence. It describes prior works that influenced the novel, such as "Moby Dick" "The Wasteland," and "Hansel and Gretel and The Which," which are useful in terms of providing a point of familiarity for a reader daunted by such and impressive tome. This feeling is swept away once again with the listing of 12 of the most important themes of the book. The purpose of this essay is to make the chaos and confusion of "Gravity's Rainbow" more manageable, but unfortunately the main impression it gives is that even literary critics have trouble fully comprehending it.
Joseph Slade, "Religon, Psychology, Sex and Love in Gravity's Rainbow," in Approaches to Gravity’s Rainbow ed. Charles Clerk. (Columbus: Ohio State University Press 1983): 153- 198.
Attempts to bring the wide ranging, open-ended structure of the novel under control by identifying a few familiar (and predictable) themes that connect it to earlier Pynchon novels.
Lars Olsen, "Deconstructing the Enemy of Color: The Fantastic in Gravity's Rainbow," in Studies in the Novel, Vol. 18 No.3 (1986): 74-86
This essay discusses "Gravity's Rainbow" as a work of fantasy, an approach that is often overlooked. It details the aspects of the novel that are the most far removed from reality and discuss how these contribute to the overall tone of the work. According to this essay, the lack of differentiation between the relatively normal, and the patently absurd connotes a feeling of unreality onto the work as a whole. This is reinforced by the tone and style of the novel, both of which widely differ through the course of the book. Because the reader has nothing that is completely grounded within "Gravity's Rainbow," the entire work exists in limbo between the real and imagined. Neither the narrator, nor the characters can be trusted to provide unbiased reality, as both seem to slip in and out of drug induced lunacy. The reader cannot tell if the events of the story are the results of a drug induced hallucination, or the product of an entire world gone crazy and bent on self-destruction.
Kathryn Hume, "Pynchon's Mythography: An Approach to Gravity's Rainbow." (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press 1987).
This presents a view contrary to the general consensus that "Gravity's Rainbow" is a work that exists apart from any kind of logical and constant world view, containing only chaos and uncertainty. Instead, this book posits that through the use of mythology and ritual, both taken from life and imagined, Pynchon has created his own version of the world, complete with its own order. This is paradoxical in the sense that "Gravity's Rainbow" attacks our culture’s reliance on myth. But, this is only fitting in terms of the paradoxical nature of the book as a whole. Through the lens of its created cosmos, the reader can challenge his own conception of reality. This is an interesting and original interpretation, but it is possible to see this book as trying to impose order that simply does not exist. Some of its argument seems to be a bit of a reach, or so deeply hidden in academic jargon that it could mean almost anything. One of the most interesting aspects of this book is that it compares Pynchon’s created universe to that of other, more overtly fantastic authors such as C.S. Lewis.
Brian Stonehill, "Paradoxical Pynchon; or The Real World Inside Gravity's Rainbow" in his "The Self Concious Novel: Artifice in Fiction from Joyce to Pynchon." (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 1988): 141- 156
Judith Chambers, "A Dazzle of Violet and A Green Doped Hound: Pynchon's Miracle of De-Struction in Gravity's Rainbow," in Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction Vol. 32 No. 4 (Summer 1991): 258-275.
Profs. John Plotz and Lauren Holm
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