Leading Practices for Equity in Online and Hybrid Teaching
Systemic inequities are known to increase in an online or hybrid setting [Gavassa et al. 2019, Howard et al. 2019, Verschelden 2017, Xu et al. 2014]. Members of our Brandeis teaching community can provide equitable opportunities for all our students by adopting evidence-based practices that reduce equity gaps. Three of those practices are summarized here. For more information, please consult Nine Evidence-based Teaching Practices That Combat Systemic Inequities and the accompanying annotated bibliography with full citations.
1. Structure your course clearly, visibly, transparently
Course structure and class meeting structure should be visible and clear to students, with consistent labels and reminders to indicate learning goals and approaches. This offers all students an opportunity to recognize and understand the rationale for the course’s design and how the sequence of learning activities will help them to acquire knowledge and build skills through the course materials, activities and assignments.
Evidence
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Structure that is clear and visible to students can improve exam performance for traditionally underrepresented students, closing the achievement gap even while in-person contact hours are reduced.
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Alignment of learning goals, class activities, assignments and assessments can reduce achievement gaps.
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Structure students’ learning to build their intellectual skills in a sequence. Include lower-order learning opportunities (understand, analyze) as well as higher-order learning (evaluate, create).
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Clarity of expectations and instructions can reduce achievement gaps.
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Students benefit from understanding how we structure their skill development and knowledge acquisition, and how we offer feedback
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Syllabus language should convey clarity, a path to success and approachability of the instructor. (Niari 2016, Froyd 2008, Ishiyama 2002, Yeager/Dweck 2012)
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Short recorded lessons (15 min. max) with prior focus questions and immediately subsequent test/quiz questions (low stakes, formative) reinforce learning more than later studying.
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“As Brandeis seeks to foster a campus community made stronger by diversity in all forms, it must create more-structured opportunities for students to engage across difference — including differences in socioeconomic background, interests, identity, politics and beliefs.” (Anderson/Krathwohl 2000, Babb 2018, Brandeis 2020, Bransford 2000, ch 2, Froyd 2008, Gavassa 2019, Howard 2019, Ishiyama 2002, Niari 2016, Singer-Freeman 2019, Tate 2004, Tileston 2004, Verschelden 2017, Weiman 2014, Winkelmes 2019, Yeager/Dweck 2012)
Examples
Course Checklists and Rubrics
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Brandeis Inclusive Course Checklist
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Use the Brandeis Digital Accessibility Quick Guide (pdf) to be sure your course materials are accessible
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Hybrid Course Peer Review Form (pdf), University of Central Florida
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Online Course Rubric (pdf), Quality Matters
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Weiman (STEM) Teaching Inventory (pdf), Table 2 pp. 558-559
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Student-Centered Syllabus Rubric (pdf), Michael Palmer et al., page 16, Appendix B
Syllabus and Course Design Suggestions
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Organize syllabi by week (references to topics can be included, but label units by week).
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Write due dates for each assignment, visible to students in LATTE
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Be flexible when designing assignments: consider options for due dates that allow for windows of engagement
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Communicate the purposes, tasks and criteria for assignments ahead of time to students. This Transparent Assignment Template for students (pdf) may help to frame a conversation to gather feedback from your students about how to make assignments’ purposes, tasks and criteria even more transparent and relevant for them.
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Create assignments and class activities that focus on the key learning goals in the course. Use this Course Sequencing Worksheet (pdf) to align assignments with course learning goals if it it helpful.
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Completed examples: an art history course (pdf), a biology course (pdf)
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Design the course in modules or activity-sets so there are several cohesive activities or lessons that reinforce the same topic in different ways (i.e. a mini-lecture, a reading, a forum, a problem set, etc.)
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Circular Hybrid Learning, Tania Convertini
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Make use of learning objectives and bulleted instruction lists for every module you create in the online environment. Write, edit, write, edit the modules several times before you post, and for each module you create be consistent in how you format and structure them so students learn how to navigate their course.
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Consider using the module structure provided in Student-centered, Accessible LATTE Shell A
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Install Shell A (additional video and written instructions)
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Un-install Shell A (follow video instructions from 7 min 12 sec)
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Prepare materials and share assignments at least two weeks in advance of each unit. This allows students with time conflicts/vacations/work issues to work ahead as needed
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Design exams and assignments that include authentic, real-world questions to test students’ application of what they have learned from the course. They can use all available resources to address the question. They can even work in groups like real-world problem solvers.
Library and Open Education Resources
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Familiarize yourself with how to link to the Library resources and online materials
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Share Affordable and Open Education Resources that are available to all students.
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Review Copyright information
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Explore additional affordable open education resources that support both students and faculty, including:
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Free Coursera courses during COVID-19
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Free EdEx resources during COVID-19
2. Engage your students with compassion and support
Engage students equitably, with support and compassion, using the fewest, simplest, tools possible. Create opportunities for students to engage each other in collaborative work.
Evidence
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Synchronous online community-building sessions at the beginning of the course and even in advance of the course can support Brandeis student engagement/community/belonging more easily than asynchronous early sessions.
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Small working/study/discussion groups with TAs or faculty (organized around time zones) can encourage Brandeis student engagement, collaboration and community. Groups can share online notes or projects with the whole class. (Hybrid Instruction and IT Support Working Group 2020)
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Establishing a social contract with students at the beginning of the course is essential in online and hybrid environments. (Joel Cutcher-Gershenfeld, Heller School for Social Policy and Management)
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Teachers’ expectations, encouragement and support toward students influences students’ attitude toward online learning and their performance.
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Sharing a growth mindset with students (intelligence is malleable and not fixed) is an effective way to convey encouragement and increase students’ self-efficacy and success. (Niari 2016, Froyd 2008, Ishiyama 2002, Yeager/Dweck 2012)
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Together, these two types of connectivity — vertical and horizontal — define the “Brandeis academic value proposition:”
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The mix of cutting-edge research, scholarship and creative work on the one hand and a deep commitment to undergraduate liberal arts education on the other fosters a unique learning environment for Brandeis students. It allows for a degree of “vertical connectivity” not found at other Research-1 universities or liberal arts colleges.
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The university’s collaborative ethos also extends to faculty across the curriculum, creating an unusual degree of “horizontal connectivity.” These connections allow faculty, staff and students to transcend programmatic, departmental and school affiliations in their academic pursuits — a kind of collaboration that creates dynamic learning and research opportunities. Such connectivity has led to the introduction of innovative cross-school majors and programs and provides an institutional nimbleness as the Brandeis curriculum evolves to meet the changing needs of students. (The Framework for the Future 1/2020)
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Brandeis … will …recognize and count the mentoring of undergraduate research as part of faculty members’ teaching assignments … consistent with the Brandeis academic value proposition — with smaller classes and greater opportunities for collaborative work. (Framework… 1/2020)
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Student-faculty contacts are an essential part of successful learning and teaching (Ambrose 2012 Appendix E, Babb 2018, Wieman 2014)
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Identify and engage preconceptions. Meet students where they are. (Bransford 2000, Hattie 2015, Mazur, Eddie, Winkelmes 2019)
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Peer instruction increases understanding efficiently and encourages positive attribution activities, and knowing this will enhance students’ peer learning experiences (Ambrose 2010, Babb 2018, Froyd 2008, Light, Weiman 2014, Winkelmes 2019)
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In STEM courses, average examination scores improved by about 6% in active learning sections, and that students in classes with traditional lecturing were 1.5 times more likely to fail than were students in classes with active learning. (Freeman 2014)
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Active learning appears effective across all class sizes—although the greatest effects are in small (n ≤ 50) classes (Freeman 2014
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“…Brandeis …will increase collaborative learning opportunities for students…” (Framework… 1/2020)
Examples
LATTE and Zoom tools for engaging students
- See: Tools for Remote/Hybrid Teaching (pdf)
- To preserve LATTE’s capacity, post URLs that direct students to material that resides online wherever possible (How to post a link in LATTE (to share audio/video files that reside outside LATTE, How to upload to Box, How to upload to Ensemble, How to make an Ensemble URL for sharing in LATTE)
- Utilize Discussion Forums via LATTE for asynchronous text-based discussions
- Utilize Perusall for asynchronous discussion about an assigned reading
- Utilize the Zoom Breakout Rooms feature in Zoom settings for group discussion or group problem sets. In a Breakout Room, instructors can split the large meeting into separate rooms for small groups of students to work collaboratively
- Track student engagement by using the LATTE user logs. This will be helpful if a student disappears (in terms of submissions) so you can see at a minimum if they are still checking-in.
Communications
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Inform students, more than once about what communication methods you expect them to check and how frequently. Indicate how promptly/often you will respond to their messages
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Communicate weekly expectations of student engagement online (more than once a week is preferable). Consider using Course Announcements via LATTE so that students can find them if their email inbox is overwhelmed.
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Establish with students an agreement about how synchronous and asynchronous engagement will work to respect and support all students’ perspectives and experiences. See:
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Social Contract Exercise (pdf) provided by Professor Joel Cutcher-Gershenfeld and Joel’s 4-minute video description of how it works.
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Hold online office hours and consider requiring students to check in there individually or in groups. Make space for simple check-ins as well as extra help with course work.
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Give students as much individualized, timely feedback as you can. In other words, make it clear that you are reading and responding to their assignments as soon as possible after they are posted. This reinforces to students that their continued progress matters to you.
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Encourage students to rely on one another for learning in the online environment. Structure engagement that facilitates and allows students to support one another and provide peer feedback. (You’ll have to model this for them and create guidelines on how to provide feedback in a supportive way — you could make some portion of students' grades be dependent upon critical peer assessment). Just because it is ‘high tech’ learning doesn’t mean it can’t be ‘high touch’. Engage alongside your students in the learning.
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Consider adopting an open education perspective in the online setting. Have students engage in ways where their work is shared with their peers not just submitted or sent to you through a drop-box or google form. Letting students see one another’s work will allow strong students to serve as models for students with developing skill sets. When providing your feedback provide feedback privately and publicly to encourage and push students to take their learning to the next level. By adopting an open perspective you can point students to peer responses for how to improve their work. Model positive critical assessment.
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Structure materials/work assignments so that students can engage offline and without a computer for parts of their work. (Have materials be downloadable — and in some cases printable — give students a break from screen time).
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Share materials/exercises/resources where and when all students can access them:
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Use the Brandeis Accessibility Quick Guide (pdf) to be sure your course is fully accessible.
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Because not all students have access to stable internet service, share all course materials in your LATTE course shell, and identify for students before each class meeting which materials, worksheets, problem sets and instructions they will be using during the class meeting. This gives students an opportunity to download materials they need in advance, in a location where good internet service is available.
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For digital equity purposes, class participation scores/grades do not penalize students for choosing not to be visible and/or not to be recorded. Courses should include asynchronous opportunities to earn full class participation scores.
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Avoid activities during the class meeting that require a lot of internet bandwidth, like playing video clips or opening a lot of windows.
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Spend most of the online class meeting time engaging and supporting students in active learning exercises. Brandeis Zoom online class meetings will be among the few spaces where students can congregate in groups, work together in groups, get to know each other and feel included. At the beginning of term, it is especially important to create opportunities for students in the class to get to know each other in small groups and to practice using Zoom engagement tools like polling and non-verbal communication until they feel comfortable addressing course content together.
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Share short segments of recorded lectures along with other content materials on the LATTE page where students can review them on their own time, between class meetings, at locations where high quality internet access is available. (See: Recording Short Lecture Videos: Advice and Tips)
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Ask students what time zone they are living in and how well their internet service and equipment are working. This helps you know how to adjust the times of your office hours, and whether to direct students for technology help.
Discussions: clarify how to engage in discussions and activities during class, and include everyone in class activities
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Invite students to develop a social contract with you to define accepted and encouraged behaviors in this unfamiliar environment. These resources may help to get the conversation started:
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Equity and Inclusion at Brandeis (Office of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion)
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Reciprocal Expectations document (pdf) provided by Professor Joel Cutcher-Gershenfeld and Joel’s 4-min video description of how it works.
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Use the simplest tools possible for online communication to reduce barriers to participation and to reduce demand on internet bandwidth. Allow students to participate synchronously during class meetings by writing in a Zoom chat or on a Google document or speaking in class or using actual hand gestures or electronic nonverbal feedback. Invite students to post asynchronously on a LATTE Forum for Class Discussion, too. Zoom polling allows you to get a quick understanding of what students are thinking during a Zoom class meeting. These simple tools offer students multiple opportunities to contribute.
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Use as few open windows as possible during class meetings, because multiple open windows are confusing, especially for students using a small screen or tablet or phone to connect.
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Allow students to participate by phone in a class meeting if their internet connection isn’t adequate for a video connection. Or allow students to occasionally turn off their video if slow internet speed is garbling their voices when they speak. This should not count against the students’ class participation scores.
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Invite students to take turns monitoring the Zoom chat to raise questions from students that an instructor might inadvertently miss when multitasking.
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Small group discussions or projects that students can undertake in Zoom breakout rooms during or outside of class can support student engagement when you assign a role to each student (note-taker, time-keeper, citation tracker, reporter, questioner, etc), and ask the group to contribute something specific for the benefit of the whole class after the breakout discussion period.
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During a class meeting, you can watch how all the groups are doing by inviting each group’s note-taker to type their group’s main ideas into a shared Google document or Google slide.
Lectures
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Zoom and Echo 360 can be used to teach synchronous classes and also to record class meetings (Record with Zoom to Cloudspace or Record with Zoom to Your Compute).
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Learn how to use video captions and transcripts to make videos accessible and to engage students more fully when they review recordings.
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To pre-record a lesson or lecture that students can view online, divide longer lectures into smaller, separate video lectures, organized by topic, idea or skill. By watching video lectures of less than 15 minutes each, learners are more likely to maintain focus and retain key information. Include quiz/review questions before or after each 15-minute segment of recorded lecture. See:
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Preserve synchronous Zoom meeting time for interactions and collaborative group work. Encourage students to view recorded lecture videos before class so they can ask questions during the live, synchronous meeting time.
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Include questions throughout your lectures to engage learners and allow them to check for understanding as they watch or listen
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If you do use the synchronous meeting time to deliver a lesson or lecture, require students to post one or two questions in the live chat. Pause every 10 minutes or so to respond directly to students’ questions. Your real-time responses will encourage students to focus on the content, and post questions in real time as they arise.
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Upload PDF files, websites and media that support the content of your lecture to provide your learners a comprehensive and immersive learning experience.
LATTE and Zoom tools for engaging students:
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To preserve LATTE’s capacity, post URLs that direct students to material that resides online wherever possible (How to post a link in LATTE (to share audio/video files that reside outside LATTE, How to upload to Box, How to upload to Ensemble, How to make an Ensemble URL for sharing in LATTE)
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Utilize Discussion Forums via LATTE for asynchronous text-based discussions
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Utilize Perusall for asynchronous discussion about an assigned reading
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Utilize the Zoom Breakout Rooms feature in Zoom settings for group discussion or group problem sets. In a Breakout Room, instructors can split the large meeting into separate rooms for small groups of students to work collaboratively
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Track student engagement by using the LATTE user logs. This will be helpful if a student disappears (in terms of submissions) so you can see at a minimum if they are still checking-in.
More suggestions for engaging students:
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Brandeis Survey Results (pdf) – Transition to Emergency Remote Learning—June 15 2020
- Brandeis Focus Group Results (pdf) – Transition to Emergency Remote Learning—July 17 2020
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Tools for Remote/Hybrid Teaching (pdf)
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Zoom Engagement Features, video by Eli Jacobson (2 min 39 sec)
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LATTE Engagement Tools, video by Esther Brandon (6 min)
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3. Assess equitably; encourage student self-assessment
Assess students’ progress equitably to insure that all students are learning and understanding throughout the course, week to week. Equitable assessments are characterized by: alignment with course knowledge and skills, clarity of processes and criteria for grading, testing environments that decrease stereotype threat, inclusive content, and focus on applicability of tested knowledge and skills.
Evidence
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Frequent faculty feedback with faculty/student interaction can encourage students (Babb 2018, Chickering 1987, Cummings 2020, Ishiyama 2002)
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Short-answer, low-stakes quizzes after each lesson, opportunities to do work, receive feedback and revise are essential to successful learning (Fiske/Light 1990)
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Immediately after a lecture, taking a low-stakes short answer test improved long-term final recall more than studying a lecture summary or taking a multiple choice test. (Butler 2007)
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Frequent faculty feedback with faculty/student interaction encourages students (Babb 2018, Chickering 1987, Cummings 2020, Froyd 2008, Ishiyama 2002, Wieman 2014)
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Varied assessment measures for students’ learning can enhance equity by developing a variety of learning approaches without unfairly privileging one type of learner (Singer-Freeman 2019, Winkelmes 2019)
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Diversity and inclusion are “not solely about race and socioeconomics but are also about our growing international student body, our transgender and nonbinary communities, and our students with disabilities.” (Brandeis 2020)
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…the university was grounded by a deep ethical core, motivated by “a highly sensitive social consciousness, the concern for the underdog, and the resistance to any kind of discrimination or privilege” (President Sachar, quoted in Brandeis 2020)
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Universal Design principles offer accessibility for students with disabilities and learning differences as well as learning benefits for all students. (Ableser and Moore 2020)
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Teach students to regularly monitor and adjust their approaches to learning (Ambrose 2010)
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Metacognition improves learning. It includes:
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planning,
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implementing/monitoring,
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reflecting/revising.
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(Nilson 2013, Tanner 2012)
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Making the discussion of metacognitive knowledge part of the everyday discourse of the classroom helps foster a language for students to talk about their own cognition and learning. (Tanner 2012)
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Teachers working together to know and evaluate their impact on student learning is among the very largest predictors of student success. (Froyd 2008, Hattie 2015, Weiman 2014)
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“… we seek to …foster the development and dissemination of new forms of scholarship and approaches to teaching.” (Brandeis 2020)
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Weekly metacognitive reflection heightens awareness of learning equitably so students clearly understand the value of what they are learning and how they can apply it beyond the course.
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When faculty communicate transparently in conversation with students about the purposes, tasks and criteria (with multiple examples) for their upcoming work before students begin the work, achievement gaps decrease while students’ academic confidence, sense of belonging in college, metacognitive awareness of their learning and persistence all increase. (Ambrose 2010, Butler 2007, Fiske/Light 1990, Froyd 2008, Mosteller, Singer-Freeman 2019, Smith 2014, Wieman 2014, Winkelmes 2019)
Examples
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Classroom Assessment Techniques
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Classroom Assessment Techniques (CATs), Vanderbilt
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Classroom Assessment Techniques, George Washington University
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Classroom Assessment Techniques, Iowa State University.
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CATs for Science, Technology, Engineering, Math, Science Ed Research Ctr (SERC)
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Classroom Assessment Techniques for STEM labs, National Institute for Science Education
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Student Metacognition Questions, K. Tanner
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Online Student Success Manual, Claudio and Strempek
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Sources
This page compiles leading practices gathered from Arts and Sciences faculty by Jennifer Cleary, Colleen Hitchock, Melissa Kosinski Collins, Elaine Wong, the Center for Teaching and Learning staff, and suggestions from 502 members of the Brandeis Teaching community in the 2020 Hybrid Teaching Institute, as well as suggestions from teaching and learning centers via the POD Network in Higher Education and other national organizations.
For Full Citations
See the bibliography that follows Nine Evidence-based Teaching Practices That Combat Systemic Inequities in Higher Education